Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Indian Perspective

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent challenges in social communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. While its global conceptualization has evolved from narrow medical definitions to a more inclusive neurodiversity framework, the Indian trajectory has been shaped by delayed diagnostic recognition, cultural interpretations, and uneven access to services. This paper traces the evolution of autism in India, from its first clinical reports in the 1960s to contemporary advocacy and representation in media. It examines early diagnostic invisibility, fragmented research, and the role of myths, spiritual attributions, and collectivist norms in shaping public perceptions. It also discusses traditional healing systems, the emergence of advocacy movements, shifts toward self-representation, and the portrayal of autism in Indian popular culture. Drawing on sociocultural, historical, and policy perspectives, the paper argues for indigenous, intersectional, and neurodiversity-affirming approaches that reflect India’s diverse realities and move beyond deficit-based frameworks toward inclusive support and representation.