Beyond Individual Agency: Rotter's Locus of Control Reconsidered through Indian Philosophical Frameworks

Abstract

Western psychology often equates mental health with individual control. Julian Rotter’s Locus of Control theory suggests that believing in one’s own power leads to success. While this model works well in individualistic societies, it often fails to capture the experience of people in non-Western cultures. It overlooks the reality of shared lives, systemic limits, and the role of fate. This article reconceptualizes human agency by comparing Rotter’s theory with Indian philosophical frameworks. We specifically examine the concepts of Karma (causality), Dharma (ethical duty), and the relational self. We argue that true agency is not just about controlling external outcomes. Instead, it is about acting ethically within a complex web of relationships and cosmic laws. Recent research in rural India supports this view, demonstrating that social factors like employment status fundamentally shape one's sense of control. Furthermore, integrating Indian Knowledge Systems with modern psychoanalysis reveals that accepting one's limits can be a source of profound strength rather than passivity. Based on this synthesis, we propose a new model of Ethical Interdependent Agency. This model values both personal effort and the acceptance of circumstances beyond one's control. It suggests that well-being arises from aligning one's will with moral duty rather than fighting for total dominion. This offers a more culturally valid approach to psychological flourishing.