Development-Induced Displacement and Its Contribution to Conflicts: A Case Study of the Jiribam-Imphal Railway Project in Manipur

Abstract

Development-induced displacement frequently generates social tensions and conflicts, especially in regions where land ownership systems are complex and governance structures remain fragile. This paper examines these dynamics through a case study of the Jiribam–Imphal railway project in Manipur, India, a major infrastructure initiative designed to connect Imphal to the national railway network for the first time. While the project is expected to enhance regional connectivity and stimulate economic development, its implementation has sparked several forms of social conflict, particularly over land acquisition and compensation processes. Drawing on qualitative analysis of investigative reports, legal documents, and media sources, the study identifies disputes over compensation distribution within communities, allegations of corruption and irregularities in land transactions, and grievances related to inadequate rehabilitation and resettlement measures. The findings suggest that in contexts characterised by customary land tenure systems and legal pluralism, large-scale infrastructure projects may intensify local tensions when transparency, accountability, and meaningful community participation are limited. The paper, therefore, argues that conflict-sensitive development planning is essential to ensuring socially sustainable infrastructure development in peripheral regions such as Manipur.