The Clinical Impact of Caste-Based Trauma: Understanding Intergenerational Transmission and Resilience in India amongst Dalit and Adivasi communities in India

Abstract

Caste-based discrimination in India has severe and long-lasting psychological consequences, contributing to depression, PTSD, anxiety, and suicidality among marginalized communities. Individuals from caste-oppressed groups, particularly Dalits and Adivasis, face chronic stress, systemic violence, and social exclusion, leading to adverse mental health outcomes that persist across generations. Emerging research suggests that intergenerational trauma is transmitted through epigenetic modifications, dysregulated stress responses, disrupted attachment patterns, and learned helplessness. This review synthesizes existing literature to examine the clinical impact of caste-based trauma and the mechanisms by which historical and ongoing discrimination affect mental health. A systematic review methodology was employed, analyzing studies on stress physiology, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and trauma transmission within caste-oppressed populations. Findings indicate that chronic exposure to caste-based stigma dysregulates the stress response system, increasing vulnerability to mental disorders. Additionally, internalized caste stigma and persistent social exclusion contribute to negative self-concept, emotional distress, and impaired psychological resilience. This study concludes that caste-based trauma must be recognized as a critical public mental health issue, necessitating culturally responsive interventions and accessible mental health services. Future research should explore  therapeutic approaches integrating indigenous healing practices alongside policy-driven mental health initiatives to break cycles of inherited trauma and foster psychological well-being.